kubeadm: allow to provide patch inline in inventories

Specifying one directory for kubeadm patches is not ideal:
1. It does not allow working with multiples inventories easily
2. No ansible templating of the patch
3. Ansible path searching can sometimes be confusing

Instead, provide the patch directly in a variable, and add some quality
of life to handle components targeting and patch ordering more
explicitly (`target` and `type` which are translated to the kubeadm
scheme which is based on the file name)

roles/kubernetes/kubeadm/templates/kubeadm-client.conf.v1beta3.j2

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ nodeRegistration:
   - effect: NoSchedule
     key: node-role.kubernetes.io/calico-rr
 {% endif %}
-{% if kubeadm_patches is defined and kubeadm_patches.enabled %}
+{% if kubeadm_patches | length > 0 %}
 patches:
-  directory: {{ kubeadm_patches.dest_dir }}
+  directory: {{ kubeadm_patches_dir }}
 {% endif %}